Critical depth spec energy module7 university of alabama. Refining of chemical pulp university of british columbia. The hydraulic jump a hydraulic jump results when there is a conflict between upstream and downstream control. Current limiting circuit breakers abb tmax xt changes the. The fan performance chart shows performance curves for a series of fan speeds. Specific energy is a characteristic of the battery chemistry and packaging. The energy dissipation ratio represents the fraction of.
The specific energy diagram shows that the specific energy is minimum at critical depth at a point c at critical depth it is possible to have two depths of water for a particular specific energy different from the minimum specific energy. Example understanding specific letthrough energy curves this figure shows the specific letthrough energy of the xt2h 125 circuit breaker at 240v. Each of the characteristics is explained in the next sections for propeller pumps. A heating curve graphically represents the phase transitions that a substance undergoes as heat is added to it. The fan curve is a performance curve for the particular fan under a specific set of conditions. This article provides a quick reference for common values of specific energy and energy density. Pdf this is an excel sheet that calculates the specific energy curve and its components in open channel.
Application of specific energy to an open channel flow problem peter rogers. The specific energy reaches a minimum value es, min at some intermediate point, called the critical point, characterized by the critical depth yc and critical. An introduction to energy consumption in pumps saving energy is such a big topic its sometimes hard to know where to start. The minimum value of m corresponds to the minimum value of e. Curves depend upon aircraft thrust and drag maybe used to climb andor accelerate function of altitude. Pumps and pumping system bureau of energy efficiency. Train movement and energy consumption electrical engineering. In this first article in a planned series on energy savings in pumps, hans vogelesang, director of design consultancy pumpsupport in the netherlands, looks at the important facts and reveals. Fans and blowers bureau of energy efficiency 98 figure 5. Another quantity used to describe particle energy loss is specific ionization.
Greater the overall efficiency lesser will be the specific energy consumption for a given specific energy output at axles. Specific energy the specific energy reaches a minimum value es, minat some intermediate point, called the critical point, characterized by the critical depth yc and critical velocity vc. The minimum specific energy values hc1 and hc2 in figure 2 occur at the critical flow depths yc1 and yc2 in figure 2. Specific energy and energy density are useful measures of the energy that will be released from a given weight or volume of fuel when it is burned. For hybrid vehicles power is the major driver, since. Choice of a material for a specific purpose can be made from the materials performance under differ ent conditions and is reflected in potential energy curves. Hydraulic design of channels conveying supercritical flow this is. The shortcircuit current is indicated on the xaxis, and the specific letthrough energy, expressed in a2s, is shown on the. If the value of e increases on the upper part of the curve, then y increases. Along with the energy consumption of the vehicle, it determines the battery weight required to achieve a given electric range.
Heavyduty vehicle diesel engine efficiency evaluation and energy audit october 2014 final report arvind thiruvengadam, ph. The crashworthiness of a material is expressed in terms of its specific energy absorption, es, and interlaminar fracture toughness, gic, which are characteristic to that particular material. Figure 1 characteristic curve for an ahlstrom apt558. Such an approach can be used to produce energy range curves. Teale mining research establishment, national coal board, worton hall, isleworth, middlesex received 5 july 1964 abstractthe fundamental problem in rock working is the breakage of fragments out of the face of a solid wall of rock. The interpretation indicates that we need to explore physical variables involved in the nuclear force or nuclear binding energy. Specific energy absorption is defined as the energy absorbed per unit mass of material. Dimensionless specific energy diagrams for openchannel flow. On the curve below that represents the skier on a ski slope on page 516. The specific energy diagram can be plotted for discharges q qi constant i 1, 2, 3, as in fig. Minimum specific energy and critical flow conditions in.
When a system contains only one phase solid, liquid or gas, the temperature will increase when it receives energy. Summary table of basic open channel flow relationships. So, that diagram, that is, for a constant specific energy, we get a single line for depth and discharge a curve, we get rather and then again for a different energy. Schematic and flow depthspecific energy diagram for a hydraulic jump specific energy decreases. The specific energy of hydrogen and fuel cell systems compared to the specific energy of various battery systems. Specific momentum curve analogous to the specific energy curve. Graphene based supercapacitors with improved specific capacitance and fast charging time at high current density. Technical approach ionexchanged layeredlayeredspinel ncm. Energydepth relationship in a rectangular channel wikipedia. There is a distinct asymptotic relationship as the top part of the curve approaches the e. By setting equal to zero the derivative of the specific energy, the magnitude of the critical depth can be determined as figure 2. Positive displacement pumps are those in which energy is imparted to the liquid in a fixed displacement volume, such as a casing or a cylinder, by the rotary motion of gears. The crash energy absorption of the veidcles front structures paulius griskeviciusl, antanas ziliukas2 dept of mechanics of solids, kaunas university of technology, kstucio g. Introduction to aircraft performance and static stability.
How can i calculate the energy density and power density. For given values of unit discharge, q, a specific energy diagram depicting energy and the. In response to the energy it receives, the system changes, for example by increasing its temperature. The temperature remains constant during these phase transitions. Minimum specific energy and critical flow conditions in open. Moldedcase circuit breakers, moldedcase switches and circuit breaker enclosures. Basic hydraulic principles of openchannel flow by harvey e. Pumps and pumping system bureau of energy efficiency 116 figure 6. Curves are universal p s twdwv specific excess power represents ability of aircraft to change energy state. Specific energy and critical depth civil engineering terms.
In open channel flow, specific energy e is the energy length, or head, relative to the channel. Fan characteristics fan characteristics can be represented in form of fan curve s. For a given value on m there are in general two possible water depths sequent depths of a hydraulic jump. Plotting this water depth y against the specific energy e gives a specific energy curve as shown in figure 1. In open channel flow, specific energy e is the energy length, or head, relative to the channel bottom. It shows graphically the effect of changing specific discharge on the specific energy curve. Water has a high boiling point because of the strong hydrogen bonds between the. The minimum specific energy is also called the critical energy. It is one of the most important unit operations when preparing papermaking fibers for highquality papers or paperboards. At lower limb, cr of the specific energy curve is the supercritical flow region.
Pdf specific energy curve in open channel researchgate. For the purposes of the following analysis, energy is conserved for a fluid in an open channel flow, and head losses due to friction will be neglected. An equation for nuclear binding energy per nucleon is found that agree well with observations. Department of civil engineering khulna university of. From the general relationship between specific energy and flow depth for all open channels, the specific relationship for parabolic open channels. Energy absorption in polymer composite materials for. Fundamentals of fluid mechanics chapter 12 pumps and turbines jyhcherng shieh department of bioindustrial mechatronics engineering national taiwan university. At fan speed n 1, the fan will operate along the n 1 performance curve as shown in figure 5. Heavyduty vehicle diesel engine efficiency evaluation and. Keeping q constant q1, the variation of e with y is represented by a cubic parabola. Graphene based supercapacitors with improved specific. Energy conservation is an important concept when analyzing open channel flows. The crash energy absorption of the vehicles front structures.
So, our specific energy diagram, that is the curve of energy versus e, energy e versus depth y will be, because when e is equal to y, then we are getting this. Application of specific energy to an open channel flow. The specific ionization is the number of ion pairs i. Figure \\pageindex3\ shows a heating curve, a plot of temperature versus heating time, for a 75 g sample of water. Specific energy is expressed in terms of kinetic energy, and potential energy, and internal energy. Download scientific diagram specific energy curve for open channel flow.
However for minimum specific energy ec, there is only one corresponding depth yc which is called as critical depth. The results are then applied to the rating curve of weir crest acting as discharge meter. This is an excel sheet that calculates the specific energy curve and its components in open channel. A plot of the temperature versus time is called the heating curve. The curves have asymptotes the horizontal y 0 and the h y 0 lines. Specific energy whkg the nominal battery energy per unit mass, sometimes referred to as the gravimetric energy density. The velocity at this point is known as critical velocity. High energy density liion cells for evs based on novel. Dimensionless specific energy diagrams for openchannel. Specific energy and energy density of fuels neutrium. The bernoulli equation, which originates from a control volume analysis, is used to describe specific energy relationships in fluid dynamics.
In open channels, the relationship between the speci. Explain what is occuring at each section of the curve from a to e a ice particles are increasing in kinetic energy, raising temperature b ice particles are breaking apart and increasing in potential energy as ice. These two depths for a given specific energy are termed as specific depths. As the discharges increase, the specific energy curves moves right since the specific energy increases with the discharge. Energy and power characteristics of lithiumion cells. Each data point represents the average of 5 discharge tests per cell and is also averaged over the number of cells tested for that type see table 1. Compare and contrast kinetic energy with potential energy.